St Martin’s Street
1774
Another move; problems with the lease on the house in Queen Square prompted Mrs Burney to find somewhere else for them to live. Somewhere, she hoped would make life easier for Dr Burney, closer to his pupils and his friends. She was lucky to find the house in St. Martin’s Street which was very central but would also appeal to her husband’s sense of historical importance.
It wasn’t actually built by Sir Isaac. It was built about 1695 by property developers but Newton moved into it in 1710, remaining until 1725.
Fanny and Dr Burney were both staying with “Daddy Crisp” down in Chessington; Dr. Burney suffering from severe nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork and anxiety about his book, his health, his career and maybe his marriage.
18th October 1774
The Observatory
Sir Isaac’s identical observatory is still subsisting,…and when he constructed it stood in Leicester Fields, not Square, that he might have his observatory unannoyed by neighbouring houses. We show it to all our visitors as our principal Lyon. I am very much pleased with the mansion.
Fanny’s Journal 1774
It was a small-paned wooden turret with a leaden roof and tiny fireplace, needing repair. This work was done immediately but more expensive work was needed four years later after a hurricane blew out the glass.
In a most interesting note of theLondonist.com, I read that the observatory vanished sometime in the 1860s. It was sold to pay for pews for the adjacent Orange Street Chapel. An American bought it for £100 and apparently took it home for the purposes of an exhibition…but nothing more was heard of it…
The House
The property was owned by the Orange Street Chapel, next door. The Temple of Leicester Fields, as it was originally called was founded by Huguenots in 1693 on a site near the quarry of Leicester Fields, 64 feet long by 40 feet broad. It was opened on Easter Eve when there was a prodigious flow of people. Newton (and his beautiful, witty niece Catherine Barton mistress of Newton’s Patron, the Earl of Halifax, loved by Swift, close friend of Voltaire and many others) would go to hear Rev. Saurin a handsome, charismatic preacher of French Protestantism. In 1776 the church was licensed to the Bishop of London. Rev. Augustus Montague Toplady became the preacher, often preaching in opposition to Wesley’s teachings. He was a writer of hymns including Rock of Ages. There is no mention by Fanny of having attended any of the services.
The house was built at the end of the seventeenth century. It had three storeys and basement with a tiled roof. The stairs were steep and narrow so one visitor broke his sword in climbing them. Most of the rooms were panelled. Fanny described the first floor long drawing room with three windows overlooking the street, and highly ornamented ceiling. Folding doors opened into the library, where there was a pianoforte and several harpsicords. Plenty of room for entertaining on the Ground and First Floors, but not a great deal of space for bedrooms on the second floor though there appears to be dormer windows in the roof as well as the Observatory. Kitchen and servants in the basement, presumably. On the ground floor it looks as though the Church has retained space for the Vestry.
In 1895, a book edited by L.B. Seeley was published on Fanny Burney and her Friends. It is interesting to read the description of St. Martin’s Street at that time.
“Very seldom, in these latter days, does any private carriage, with or without a coronet on its panels, turn into the decayed thoroughfare running down from the bottom of Leicester Square. ‘Vulgarly-peopled,’ according to Madame d’Arblay, even in her father’s time, St. Martin’s Street has since fallen many degrees lower yet. The house to which the fashionable world was drawn by the charms of Burney’s music stands on the east side, immediately above the chapel at the corner of Orange Street. The glass observatory which Dr. Burney repaired, and which he subsequently rebuilt when it was blown away by a gale of wind, has long since disappeared. It was replaced by a wooden erection, or what Macaulay calls ‘a square turret,’ which, when the essayist wrote, distinguished the house from all the surrounding buildings. This erection also has been removed, but the house itself cannot be mistaken by any passer-by who cares to see it.
A tablet on the front bears the inscription: ‘Sir Isaac Newton, philosopher, lived here.’ The house is at present the quarters of the United Service Warrant Officers’ Club. No great effort is required to imagine the plain, silent Newton passing in and out of that slender doorway. The movements of the man qui genus humanum ingenio superavit were without noise and ostentation. We may let half a century go by in thought, and with equal ease picture to ourselves David Garrick tripping up the steps before breakfast; Samuel Johnson rolling up them for a call, on his way to dine with Mrs. Montagu; pleasant Dr. Burney briskly setting out on his daily round of lessons; and demure Miss Fanny sallying forth to seek an interview incognita with her publisher. But how call up the scene, when the lacqueys of Count Orloff—Orloff the Big, Walpole calls him—thundered at the knocker, or when officers of the Household, displaying the ensigns of their rank, peers with stars and orders, and great ladies arrayed in brocaded silks and immense head-dresses, followed one another up a confined staircase into a couple of small and crowded reception-rooms?
Standing opposite to the club where our gallant petty officers of to-day congregate, and noticing that to the left of it, on the other side of Long’s Court, there is now a cheap lodging-house for working men, and that a little further to the left, at the entrance from the Square, the roadway narrows, as we learn from the “Memoirs” that it did in Burney’s time, till there is barely room for a single vehicle of moderate size to pass, we recognise the limitations of the human fancy. It is difficult to conceive of a great aristocratic crowd assembling in such a place. We can understand the pride with which Fanny set down the prolonged rat-tat-tat-tat-too that announced the arrival of each titled and decorated visitor. We may observe the pains she took to draw and colour for her country correspondent groups of dazzling figures such as had never been seen in the more spacious area of Queen Square. But they are gone, and in presence of the dirt and squalor which have made St. Martin’s Street little better than an East-End slum, their shadows will not revisit the glimpses of the moon. Sic transit gloria mundi.”
The house of well-known English physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton, in St. Martin Street, Leicester Square in London, has been removed but the structure will not disappear entirely. The intention is to reconstruct it on another site. The material from the demolition was purchased by the firm of Mr Hugh Philips in Manor House, Hitchin. He employed special workmen to take down the house carefully brick by brick. In a letter to The Times he stated, “Every detail of its construction, from the tiles to the floorboards has been marked and numbered, and a detailed plan of the structure has been taken for us by a prominent firm of London architects. We are of the opinion that Newton House can be re-erected at some future date, with absolutely no change in its appearance.”
Because of the association with Newton, the panelling and other fixtures of the fore parlour were bought by Roger (1875-1967) and Grace Babson who arranged for them to be reconstructed as the Isaac Newton Room at Babson College, Massachusetts, USA. It is a rather interesting story. Roger Babson was an engineering graduate from MIT but he went into financial advising and predicting. He and his wife developed a formula for investment based on the application of Newton’s Third Law; the law of action and reaction. They believed this also applied to human behaviour and the business cycle and they became very wealthy using this formula. Newton himself, though a keen investor in stocks and shares, lost a great deal of money in the South Sea Bubble.
Social Life at St Martin’s Street
But Dr Burney was ill and confined to bed in his new house. He continued to work feverishly on his History of Music, dictating to Fanny or another daughter, but as the year ended it became vital for him to get back to teaching –“12-14 hours each day and on my return home at midnight finding a Printer’s Devil waiting for the corrections of a proof of my History” Charles Burney later wrote to Lord Lonsdale. Despite Dr. Burney’s illness and work, the family continued to receive guests. Some of their friends were now in the immediate vicinity. The Stranges (Sir Robert Strange, engraver), old Paris acquaintances were lodging close by; Sir Joshua Reynolds who lived in a grand house just across the Fields at 47 Leicester Square and entertained frequently; Garrick, in the new house recently built for him by the brothers Adam at the Adelphi, Joseph Nollekens, sculptor, James Barry, Irish painter. Fanny wrote long, lively accounts of their parties and general visitors to “Daddy Crisp”.
One letter features Mr Bruce, “his Abyssinian Majesty” the African explorer. Fanny writes “ ‘Well’, said Mrs Strange ‘ I knew a young lady who was at a concert for the first Time, and she sat and sighed and groaned and groaned and sighed, and at last she said “Well I can’t help it” and burst into tears. “There’s a woman” cried Mr Bruce with some emotion “who could never make a man unhappy! Her soul must be all harmony’”.
March 26 1775
Most of their parties involved musical entertainment. It is interesting that she commented on a party they attended at Mrs Ord’s: “We stayed till near eleven o’clock, and had neither cards, music or dancing. It was a true Conversatione ….When we took leave, my father told Mrs. Ord that it gave him great pleasure to say that he knew two or three houses even in these times, where company could be entertained and got together merely by conversation unassisted by cards, etc.” May 1775 Fanny writes about a concert which “proved to be very much the thing” She then gives a long list of guests with a wry comment on each (e.g. Mrs Harris is “a so, so sort of woman).”
“The company in general came early and there was a great deal of conversation before any music but as the party was too large for general Chatterment we were obliged to make parties with our neighbours.”
There was great excitement over an Italian coloratura soprano (1743-1783) called Lucrezia Agujari and on June 10 1775 Fanny writes “At length we have heard Agujari! I could compare her to nothing I ever heard…such a powerful voice – so astonishing a compass. She came before 7 and stayed till 12. She is really a sublime singer. We had not a soul here but our own family which was her particular desire.” Most often though, Fanny writes that someone came to hear the Burneys, Hetty (Fanny’s Sister) and her husband (and cousin, the diminutive as he was even shorter than Fanny) Charles Rousseau Burney, another sister, Susan and Dr. Burney himself performing. In her diary of Nov 21 1775 she wrote: “My father had a little concert in honour of Prince Orloff of Russia, at the request of Dr King…Held in the library. ..Mr Burney sat down to the harpsichord. After his solo, my sister took the piano forte; and they played a new Duet, of Mr Burney’s composition…. The music was very deservedly much admired, and the effect of the two instruments together met with the greatest admiration and applause. Lady Edgecumbe (daughter of the Archbishop of York) and herself a performer of reputation, was able to feel and to judge the merit of the performance at once…” Another duet they played was the duet Fanny described as the “great Gun”, Müthel’s Duetto in E Flat for two pianos”. Dr Burney had brought the music back from his European travels in 1772 and had published it. (See Burney Family, Hester, above) Dr Johnson and Mrs Thrale came for the first time on March 27 1775. The two sisters (Hetty and Susan) played a duet.
March 27 1775
Omai
Painting above shows Sir Joseph Banks (center), together with Omai (left) and Daniel Solander, painted by William Parry, circa 1775–76
Portrait of Omai by Sir Joshua Reynolds. It was sold in 2001 for the second highest price ever paid for a British picture according to the Antiques Trade Gazette. In 2022, now valued at 50 million pounds, the painting came on the market. In 2023 The National Portrait Gallery and Getty announced the plan to jointly acquire the painting.
However, Fanny quotes Mr Bruce saying,
“when he goes home he will only pass for a consummate liar for how can he make them believe half of the things he will tell them? He can give them no idea of our houses, carriages or anything that will appear probable.”
And so it was, Omai was taken back home by Captain Cook on his third journey and he died a couple of years later.
Another frequent visitor was the strange and rather sad Ocean Islander, Omai, brought back on one of Captain Cook’s boats.
‘My present inducement to resume my pen is to write an account of a visit we have received from Omai, the native of Uliteja, brought from the South Seas….The visit of Omai was at the invitation of my brother, who has not only been his shipmate and companion, but who speaks the language, which is the same as that of Otaheite, with great ease and fluency”. Mr Strange and Mr Hayes, at their own motion, came to dinner to meet our guest (this lyon of lyons, for such he now is of this town) We did not dine till four. But Omai came at two, and Mr Banks (later Sir Joseph) and Dr. Solander brought him, in order to make a short visit to my father. They were all just come from the House of Lords, where they had taken Omai to hear the King make his speech from the Throne….I found Omai seated on the great chair, and my brother next to him, and talking Otaheite as fast as possible. You cannot suppose how fluently and easily Jem speaks it….As he (Omai) had been to Court, he was very fine. He had on a suit of Manchester velvet, lined with white satten, a bag, lace ruffles, and a very handsome sword which the King had given to him. He is tall and very well made, much darker than I expected to see him, but has a pleasing countenance. His hands are very much tattooed, but his face is not at all… Indeed he appears to be a perfectly rational and intelligent man, with an understanding far superior to the common race of us cultivated gentry. He could not else have borne so well the way of Life into which he is thrown, without some practice.’
-Fanny’s Journal
American War of Independence 1775-1783
The fighting began in April 1775. James Burney being a sailor was at risk and in early February Fanny recorded this
My brother James has left us some time. He has an appointment for the Cerberus, and is ordered to America, which I am not at all pleased at, though I thank heaven there is no prospect of any naval engagement, their business being only to convoy the General Officers. I am sure I shall pray for peaceable measures…
But on December 30 1775 she writes
“my brother James, to our great joy and satisfaction is returned home safe from America which he has left in most terrible disorder.”
In 1761 Benjamin Franklin had attended the Coronation of King George 3rd, and later wrote that he expected the young monarch’s reign would ‘be happy and glorious’. Fifteen years later in 1776 he helped to draft, and then signed, The Declaration of Independence.
Writing
While Dr Burney was getting on with writing his History of Music, Fanny was also hiding away. Throughout this time while being amanuensis to her father, chronicler to Daddy Crisp, hostess to visitors, she was writing her first novel. Secretly at first, and then needing help with its possible publication, she let Susanna and her brothers, Charles and James into the secret. But as this was the beginning of a complete transformation of her life, it should have its own chapter.
“You must know I am at this Time at Home incog. & never go out, except sometimes by 8 o’clock round the Park for a little Exercise – stumping out muffled up & early ,…of a frosty & dry morning into the Park.”
— Fanny’s letter to Mr Crisp November 18 1780
My trip to Leicester Square
Changing of the horse guard.
Pelicans in St. James’s Park
Westminster Abbey
It was an easy walk for me from Westminster to Leicester Square; past Westminster Abbey; into St. James’s Park looking so beautiful with the autumn colours of its trees; pelicans on my left, Horse Guards Parade on my right; on up to Trafalgar Square to the north side taken up by the National Gallery and up a small street beside the Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery.
Orange Street
The National Gallery
Immediately behind the Sainsbury Wing was a tiny street signed St. Martin’s Street. Along it a few yards I walked and then it turned left towards Leicester Square. The first cross street I came to was Orange Street and there on my right, to my delight, was the Orange Street Chapel, now called Orange Street Congregational Church. I wandered along, heard sounds from inside and looking through an open window saw many socially-distanced people of Chinese heritage listening intently to a preacher. Of course, this is now the heart of China Town.
I walked up the narrow lane at the side of the Church, Long’s Court, turned left and continued. The first door on my left was signed Newton Institute. This would have been part of the Burney house; in fact, the library. Along to the St. Martin’s Street end where the impressive doorway to the Westminster Public Library stood closed.
The whole of St Martin’s Street was closed off for building works. The Westminster Public Library building now taking up the block of the Burney house and the original Orange Street Chapel. The whole block belongs to the Orange Street Church which has leased the substantial part to the Westminster Council for 999 years. Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, Westminster Council served a demolition order on the church claiming it was unsafe and then in 1925 used some of the site for their new library. On the rest of the site the present temporary chapel was erected. On Sunday 16th June 1929, the re-opening service was conducted.
Leicester Square
Looking at St. Martin’s Street from Leicester Square
Orange Street Congregational Church
Newton Institute
Westminster Public Library
The Newton Institute
Monument by Michael Rysbrack representing Newton's genius and accomplishments in Westminster Abbey